原标题：“学霸”与“学渣”的真实距离是什么？家庭？智商？仍是...

她27岁辞去纽约企业管理咨询师，到美国一所公立校园教数学，之后开端研讨教育心思学，经过多年造访各个闻名高校，问卷调查社会竞赛活动，得出了一个惊人的发现，那便是“学霸”与“学渣”之间的距离，在乎于每个人青少年的一个个人质量，并非智商之间的距离，这项质量便是——意志！

文、编 | 巴山

以下便是美籍华人安吉拉·李·杜克沃（Angela Lee Duckworth）在TED上讲演的部分内容，以供各位教育界同仁参阅：

安吉拉·李·杜克沃（Angela Lee Duckworth） | 图片源自TED

What struck me was that I.Q. was not the only difference between my best and my worst students.Some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric I.Q. scores. Some of my smartest kids weren't doing so well.

让我震动的是，IQ的凹凸并不是我最好和最差的学生之间仅有的不同。一些在讲堂上体现很好的学生，并不具有十分高的IQ；一些十分聪明的孩子反而在讲堂作业上体现的不那么尽人意。

And that got me thinking. The kinds of things you need to learn in seventh grade math, sure, they're hard: ratios, decimals, the area of a parallelogram. But these concepts are not impossible, and I was firmly convinced that every one of my students could learn the material if they worked hard and long enough.

这引起了我的考虑。当然，学生们在七年级数学要学的东西是有难度的——比率、小数、平行四边形面积核算。可是这些概念是可彻底被把握的，我也深信我的每一位学生都可以学会教材的内容，只需他们肯花时间和精力的话。

After several more years of teaching, I came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective, from a psychological perspective.In education, the one thing we know how to measure best is I.Q., but what if doing well in school and in life depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily?

经过几年教育之后，我得出一个定论：咱们在教育方面所需求的是一种对学生、对学习更好的了解——从动机的视点、从心思的视点去了解。在教育范畴，咱们最拿手测验的目标是“智商”，但如果说在校园和日子中的体现好坏不仅仅取决于你是否能又好又快地学习呢？

So I left the classroom, and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist. I started studying kids and adults in all kinds of super challenging settings,and in every study my question was, who is successful here and why?My research team and I went to West Point Military Academy.

所以，我离开了讲堂，来到了研讨生院，成为了一名心思学家。我开端研讨儿童与成人处于各种艰巨应战中的体现。在每次研讨中，我重视的是： 谁会成功？为什麽会成功？我和我的研讨团队去了西点军校。

We tried to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out. We went to the National Spelling Bee and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition.

咱们试着猜测哪些学员能经过军事训练，哪些会抛弃。咱们去看全国拼字竞赛， 试着猜测哪些孩子能在竞赛中笑到终究。

We studied rookie teachers working in really tough neighborhoods, asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year, and of those, who will be the most effective at improving learning outcomes for their students?

咱们研讨在十分艰苦的环境下作业的新教师，猜测哪些教师在学年底时还能坚持在岗位上。当然还有，哪些教师教出的学生成果的进步最为显着？

We partnered with private companies, asking, which of these salespeople is going to keep their jobs? And who's going to earn the most money? In all those very different contexts, one characteristic emerged as a significant predictor of success. And it wasn't social intelligence. It wasn't good looks, physical health, and it wasn't I.Q. It was grit.

咱们和私家公司协作， 猜测哪些出售人员能保住作业？谁能赚最多钱？在这些十分不同的布景下，咱们发现有一个特质可以很好地猜测成功。它不是社交才干，不是美丽的表面，不是健康的身体，也不是智商，而是意志力。

Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit is having stamina. Grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out, not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years, and working really hard to make that future a reality. Grit is living life like it's a marathon, not a sprint.

意志是对久远目标的热情与坚持，

意志是具有耐久的恒心，

意志是你对未来的坚持，日复一日

不仅仅是持续一个星期或许一个月

而是几年乃至几十年尽力奋斗，让自己的愿望变为实际

意志是把日子当成一场马拉松，而不是一次短跑。

A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools. I asked thousands of high school juniors to take grit questionnaires, and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate. Turns out that grittier kids were significantly more likely to graduate, even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure, things like family income, standardized achievement test scores, even how safe kids felt when they were at school.

几年前，我在芝加哥公立校园开端研讨意志力。我请数以千计的高中生填写关于意志力的问卷，然后等了大约一年多看看谁会结业。成果发现，意志力越坚决的孩子结业的或许性显着越高，其他一切或许的影响要素都被考虑并排除了，比方家庭收入，标准化测验的分数， 乃至孩子们在校园时的安全感。

So it's not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee that grit matters. It's also in school, especially for kids at risk for dropping out. To me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know, how little science knows, about building it.Every day, parents and teachers ask me, "How do I build grit in kids? What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic? How do I keep them motivated for the long run?" The honest answer is, I don't know.

所以意志力并不只是在西点军校或全国拼字竞赛中很重要。在校园，尤其是对有停学风险的孩子来说，意志力相同重要。关于意志力，最令我吃惊的工作是咱们以及科学界关于怎样训练意志力知之甚少。每天，家长和教师都会问我， "怎样训练孩子们的意志力？ 我怎样教会孩子坚实的职业道德？怎样才干让他们有久远的动力？”最诚笃的答复是，我不知道。

What I do know is that talent doesn't make you gritty. Our data show very clearly that there are many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments. In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated or even inversely related to measures of talent.

我所知道的是，有才调不意味着就有意志力。咱们的材料十分清楚地提醒有许多才调横溢的人并不能坚持到底，完成许诺。现实上，咱们的研讨发现，意志力一般与才调无关， 有时乃至成反比。

So far, the best idea I've heard about building grit in kids is something called "growth mindset." This is an idea developed at Stanford University by Carol Dweck, and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with your effort. Dr. Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge, they're much more likely to persevere when they fail, because they don't believe that failure is a permanent condition.

关于训练孩子们的意志，到目前为止，我听过的最好的办法叫做“生长型思想形式”理论。这是斯坦福大学的Carol Dweck 的研讨成果。这个理论信任学习的才干不是原封不动的， 它会由于你的尽力发作显着的改变。Dweck博士已证明，当孩子们阅览和学习大脑的相关常识以及大脑在面临应战时会怎样改变和生长时，他们更有或许在失利时持续坚持， 由于他们不信任他们永久会失利。

So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit. But we need more. And that's where I'm going to end my remarks, because that's where we are. That's the work that stands before us. We need to take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions, and we need to test them. We need to measure whether we've been successful, and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong, to start over again with lessons learned.

所以，生长型思想形式是一种训练意志力的好办法。但咱们还需求更多这样的理念。而今日我的讲演就到此为止，由于这便是咱们当下的认知。这便是摆在咱们面前的使命。咱们应该拿出咱们最好的主意、最强的直觉对他们进行查验。咱们应该衡量咱们是否取得了成功，咱们一定要乐意失利、乐意犯错、乐意吸取教训并从头开端。

In other words, we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier.

换句话说，咱们只要自己变得更有意志，才干让咱们的孩子变得更有意志。

这让笔者想到古人们对抱负的执着寻求，面临荆棘丛生的人生之路时的镇定自若，以及身处窘境时的谈笑自若，都在前史的长河中留下的光芒的一笔，撒播下来赋有传奇色彩的千古美谈。

“天行健，正人以自强不息。”

晋文公重耳在外逃亡19年，终究成果春秋霸业，相同尽管孔子周游列国十几年，终究成为一代巨人，正如他所言，“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。”凭仗的便是对信仰的锲而不舍，对抱负的孜孜以求。

风餐露宿的重耳 | 图片源自网络

亚圣孟轲也曾说出震耳发聩的名言警句，警醒世人，“故天将降大任所以人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。”

唐初四杰之一的王勃凭仗一篇《滕王阁序》震铄古今，“时运不齐，生不逢辰。冯唐易老，李广难封。屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主；窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时？所赖正人识趣，达人知命。返老还童，宁移白首之心？穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙以犹欢。”

王勃与《滕王阁序》 | 图片源自网络

清代小说家蒲松龄终身落寞，几回科考都是一败涂地，终究他散尽家财，开起一个粥铺，款待过往行人商旅，搜集故事，还在门帘上挂上一副对联以自勉，“有志者，事竟成，背水一战，百二秦关终属楚；苦心人，天不负，发愤图强，三千越甲可吞吴。”终究写出名垂千古的小说集《聊斋志异》。

古人的传奇故事无不阐明一个现实，即使人有天纵奇才，假设没有锲而不舍的意志，以及对日子，对抱负，对信仰充满热情，具有一颗打不死的心态，终究也或许成为“平凡的天才”，从方仲永到黔驴技穷的江淹，不知在我国五千多年的前史长河中留下了多少叹气？！

尽管社会发展到今日，考究身世，考究家庭布景的观念大行其道，但不管怎样说，“意志”依然是人们完成成功，走向美好不可或缺的重要质量之一，正如荀子所言，“骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。”

一篇《兰亭集序》，不管文章的内容，仍是书法之精妙都堪称一绝，他的作者便是东晋大书法家王羲之，史称“书圣”，他从7岁开端练书法，家门口有一个水池，他每次练完书法都会在此洗毛笔，天天如此，20年后，门前本来明澈的水池都洗成了黑色，后人便把那水池称为“墨池”。

他在教育儿子王献之的时分，就教育他要写好毛笔字没有“捷径”，写干18缸水方可小成，而终究王献之也一步一个脚印做到了，成为了一代书法我们！这也正阐明晰，除了外在的、杰出的家长教育，缺少内涵的自我驱动（意志），也很难完成真实意义上的成功！

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